(I) Melanie Klein was a psychoanalyst who studied the
development of children under the ages of 6. She was born in Austria in 1882.
Her child analysis began while she was in Berlin, between 1921-25. Throughout
her work, which was based off of Freud’s ideas, found that the Oedipus complex
is also found during infancy. She theorized that child development goes through
Paranoid-Schizoid position and then Depressive position. In Paranoid-Schizoid
position the splitting of the ego occurs, such that the infant splits the
mothers breast into a good and bad breast. The Depressive position is when the
ego starts to integrate with the super-ego, such that the infant starts to
realize that the feelings of the good and bad breast come from the same person,
and the sense of guilt and reparation occur.
Cyril Burt was an educational
psychologist who primarily focused on individual differences and children in
his work. He was born to a small lower class family in 1883. William McDougall,
who Burt studied under his final year at Jesus College, Oxford, largely
influenced Burt. This work inspired his work with mental testing that would be
prominent throughout his whole career in psychology. Even during his 21 years
of retirement Burt remained very active in the worlds of science and education.
He continued to write, edit, read, and give lectures. Unfortunately, five years
after Cyril’s death an article in London
Sunday Times as published accusing Burt of committing fraud in the majority
of his work. It has been widely agreed that the majority of the work that was
published after WWII is unreliable. Despite these claims Burt’s followers have
remained adamant in attempting to clear his name. In doing so they have pointed
out through research that results of the same studies of Burt produce very
similar that results that were call fraud by most. For this reason a lot of his
followers admit that his work might have been careless when published but by no
means purposely published as fake data.
Ernest Jones was a British
psychoanalyst. He studied in London and was very close friends with Sigmund
Freud. In 1917 Jones married Morfydd Owens, a Welsh musician. The two were
madly in love until Morfydd passed away in 1918. Morfydd suffered from an
appendicitis attack while traveling with Jones, and Jones took it upon himself
to perform the surgery, using chloroform to begin. A few days later she passed
away from chloroform poisoning. A few years later Jones married Katharine Jokl
and together the two had four kids. While Jones is known for being a
psychoanalyst his largest accomplishment was the biographies that he wrote
about Sigmund Freud. He also translated Freud’s work from German to English,
and wrote various books about Freud’s view on everything psychoanalytic. Jones passed
away in 1939 after suffering from chronic rheumatism as well as bladder cancer.
He left behind an unfinished manuscript of an autobiography he was working on
entitled, Free Associations: Memories of
a Psychoanalyst that was later published in 1959.
(II) Ernest
Jones published Sigmund
Freud: Life and Work. Vol 1: The Young Freud 1856–1900 in 1953. It was the
first of three volumes and is still today the most influential biography
written about Freud.
(III) This
is a photo of street art taken in Shoreditch London.
(IV) This
is a web link to the Royal Pavilion in Brighton, England
http://brightonmuseums.org.uk/royalpavilion/ which we visited on July 24, 2015.
References
Ernest Jones Obituary, (1958).
Ernest Jones M. D. Obituary. British
Medical Journal, 1, 463-465.
Hearnshaw, L.S. Cyril Burt Psychologist. Great Britain. Hodder and Soughton Educational
1979. Print.
Melanie Klein
Trust. (n.d.). Retrieved July 23, 2015, from
http://www.melanie-klein-trust.org.uk/theory
Shamdasani, Sonu (2004). ‘Jones,
(Alfred) Ernest (1879–1958)’, Oxford dictionary of national biography.
Retrieved from
http://0-www.oxforddnb.com.catalogue.wellcomelibrary.org/view/article/34221?docPos=1
Street. (1994). March 30 in Psychology. Retrieved July 23, 2015,
from http://www.cwu.edu/~warren/calendar/cal0330.html
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